Vitamin A (Retinol & Beta-Carotene)Fat-Soluble Vitamin
Supports low-light vision, immune barrier defense, and cellular growth.
Affordable Indian Foods:Carrots (Gajar), Pumpkin (Kaddu), Spinach (Palak), Ripe Papaya, Moringa
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Deficiency causes night blindness (nyctalopia) and dry eyes (xerophthalmia).
💡 Absorption Tip: Beta-carotene is fat-soluble; cook carrots or spinach with a few drops of oil or ghee for proper absorption.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)Water-Soluble B-Vitamin
Converts dietary carbohydrates into usable cellular energy (ATP) and supports nerve conduction.
Affordable Indian Foods:Whole Wheat Atta, Brown Rice, Moong Dal, Groundnuts (Peanuts)
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Overmilled polished white rice strips thiamin; severe deficiency leads to beriberi.
💡 Absorption Tip: Thiamin is heat-sensitive; avoid washing rice excessively after soaking, as water-soluble vitamins wash away.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)Water-Soluble B-Vitamin
Essential for mitochondrial energy release, cellular respiration, and healthy red blood cells.
Affordable Indian Foods:Fresh Milk, Curd (Dahi), Eggs, Green Leafy Vegetables
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Deficiency causes angular stomatitis (cracked lip corners) and a swollen, tender tongue.
💡 Absorption Tip: Riboflavin is destroyed by sunlight and ultraviolet light; store dairy products in opaque containers.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)Water-Soluble B-Vitamin
Core building block of coenzymes NAD and NADP, driving cellular DNA repair and fat metabolism.
Affordable Indian Foods:Groundnuts (Peanuts), Whole Wheat, Lentils, Mushrooms
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Severe deficiency results in pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhoea, cognitive impairment).
💡 Absorption Tip: Niacin is relatively stable to light and heat compared to other B vitamins.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)Water-Soluble B-Vitamin
Vital for synthesizing Coenzyme A (CoA), breaking down fatty acids, and synthesizing hormones.
Affordable Indian Foods:Lentils (Dals), Mushrooms, Whole Grains, Curd, Peanuts
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Extremely widespread in natural whole foods; isolated deficiency is rare in varied diets.
💡 Absorption Tip: Easily obtained by consuming unrefined whole grains and mixed legumes daily.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)Water-Soluble B-Vitamin
Crucial for amino acid and protein metabolism, haemoglobin synthesis, and neurotransmitter balance.
Affordable Indian Foods:Chickpeas (Chana), Potatoes, Bananas, Whole Grains
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Low levels can cause peripheral neuropathy, microcytic anaemia, and elevated homocysteine.
💡 Absorption Tip: High-protein diets increase your biological requirement for Vitamin B6.
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)Water-Soluble B-Vitamin
Acts as a coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis, amino acid breakdown, and gene expression.
Affordable Indian Foods:Cooked Eggs, Peanuts, Walnuts, Soybeans, Whole Grains
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Eating raw egg whites binds biotin with avidin, preventing absorption (cooking neutralizes avidin).
💡 Absorption Tip: Always cook eggs thoroughly to unlock bioavailable biotin.
Vitamin B9 (Folate)Water-Soluble B-Vitamin
Essential for DNA synthesis, rapid cell division, and red blood cell maturation.
Affordable Indian Foods:Spinach (Palak), Methi Greens, Lentils, Chickpeas, Oranges
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Critical during early pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects (spina bifida); causes megaloblastic anaemia.
💡 Absorption Tip: Prolonged boiling in open pots degrades folate; steam or lightly sauté greens to preserve it.
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)Water-Soluble B-Vitamin
Maintains nerve myelin sheaths, prevents neurological degeneration, and produces red blood cells.
Affordable Indian Foods:Curd & Chaas (variable), Milk, Paneer, Eggs (if eaten), Fortified Cereals
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Widespread among strict vegetarians; unfortified plant foods do not supply active Vitamin B12.
💡 Absorption Tip: Requires gastric acid and intrinsic factor; antacid medications (PPIs) impair B12 absorption over time.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)Water-Soluble Antioxidant
Catalyzes collagen synthesis, neutralizes free radicals, and magnifies plant non-haem iron uptake.
Affordable Indian Foods:Fresh Amla, Guava (Amrood), Lemons, Oranges, Fresh Tomatoes
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Deficiency causes scurvy, bleeding gums, impaired wound healing, and reduced iron uptake.
💡 Absorption Tip: Heat and prolonged storage rapidly destroy Vitamin C; consume fresh raw amla or freshly squeezed lemon.
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)Fat-Soluble Secosteroid Hormone
Promotes calcium absorption in the gut, maintains bone mineral density, and modulates immunity.
Affordable Indian Foods:Fortified Milk & Oil, Egg Yolks, Oily Fish, Midday Sunlight Synthesis
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Very few foods contain natural Vitamin D; deficiency causes osteomalacia, bone aches, and muscle weakness.
💡 Absorption Tip: Skin synthesis requires direct UVB sunlight on bare skin; window glass blocks UVB completely.
Vitamin E (Tocopherols)Fat-Soluble Antioxidant
Protects cell membrane lipids from free radical peroxidation and supports immune cell membranes.
Affordable Indian Foods:Sunflower Seeds, Almonds (Badam), Groundnuts, Mustard Oil
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Deficiency is rare but can cause hemolytic anaemia and ataxia in fat malabsorption syndromes.
💡 Absorption Tip: Eat whole nuts and seeds rather than relying on extracted refined oils that lose Vitamin E during processing.
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone & Menaquinones)Fat-Soluble Vitamin
Required for synthesizing blood-clotting factors (prothrombin) and activating osteocalcin in bones.
Affordable Indian Foods:Green Leafy Vegetables (Palak, Sarson, Methi), Fermented Foods, Broccoli
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Deficiency leads to uncontrolled bleeding; individuals on Warfarin must keep intake consistent.
💡 Absorption Tip: Pair leafy greens with healthy dietary fats to ensure smooth fat-soluble uptake in the small intestine.
CalciumEssential Macro Mineral
Builds and preserves bones and teeth, enables muscle contraction, and regulates blood clotting.
Affordable Indian Foods:Curd & Milk, Ragi (Finger Millet), Calcium-Set Tofu, White Sesame (Til)
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Deficiency causes osteoporosis, brittle bones, and muscle twitching.
💡 Absorption Tip: Soak and sprout ragi to deactivate phytates; ensure adequate Vitamin D for intestinal uptake.
IronEssential Trace Mineral
Forms the haem core of haemoglobin, ferrying oxygen across the body.
Affordable Indian Foods:Lentils (Moong, Masoor), Roasted Chana, Dark Greens, Beetroot, Jaggery (small traces)
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Most common nutritional deficiency in India; causes fatigue, breathlessness, and paleness.
💡 Absorption Tip: Pair with Vitamin C (lemon, amla) and avoid drinking tea or coffee within 1 hour of meals.
ZincEssential Trace Mineral
Drives over 300 metabolic enzymes, repairs DNA, supports childhood growth, and heals wounds.
Affordable Indian Foods:Whole Pulses, Pumpkin Seeds, Whole Grains, Nuts, Curd
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Causes impaired wound healing, loss of taste or smell, skin lesions, and weakened immunity.
💡 Absorption Tip: Sprouting and fermenting whole pulses significantly reduces phytates that bind zinc.
IodineEssential Trace Mineral
Constituent of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) regulating energy and metabolic rate.
Affordable Indian Foods:Iodized Table Salt, Fresh Milk, Seafood
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Causes goitre, cold intolerance, slow mental processing, and infant developmental delays.
💡 Absorption Tip: Use iodized salt in daily cooking, but keep total salt under 5g/day (<2,000mg sodium).
MagnesiumEssential Macro Mineral
Calms nerve impulses, relaxes muscles, stabilizes blood sugar, and supports bone crystals.
Affordable Indian Foods:Whole Pulses, Almonds, Flaxseeds, Makhana, Whole Millets (Bajra, Jowar)
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Leads to muscle cramps, fatigue, elevated blood pressure, and sleep disturbances.
💡 Absorption Tip: Found in the green chlorophyll of leaves and unpolished whole grains; refined flour loses magnesium.
PotassiumEssential Electrolyte
Balances cellular fluid pressure, counteracts high sodium, and regulates cardiac rhythm.
Affordable Indian Foods:Bananas, Potatoes with skin, Coconut Water, Beans (Rajma), Spinach
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Low intake elevates hypertension risk; patients with kidney disease may need restriction.
💡 Absorption Tip: Do not boil vegetables in vast amounts of water and discard the water, as potassium leaches out.
SeleniumEssential Trace Mineral
Forms selenoproteins and glutathione peroxidase, shielding thyroid cells from oxidative stress.
Affordable Indian Foods:Eggs, Whole Grains, Mushrooms, Fish / Poultry (if eaten), Selected Seeds
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Soil content dictates plant levels; deficiency impairs thyroid conversion and immune resilience.
💡 Absorption Tip: Varied whole grains and eggs provide reliable trace selenium.
PhosphorusEssential Macro Mineral
Pairs with calcium to form hydroxyapatite bone crystal and forms cellular ATP energy molecules.
Affordable Indian Foods:Curd & Milk, Lentils, Whole Wheat, Nuts & Seeds
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Abundantly present in protein foods; deficiency is rare, but kidney patients must monitor levels.
💡 Absorption Tip: Easily obtained from dairy and pulses.
CopperEssential Trace Mineral
Aids iron metabolism via ceruloplasmin, supports melanin formation, and stabilizes connective tissue.
Affordable Indian Foods:Nuts, Seeds (Sesame, Sunflower), Legumes, Whole Grains
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Deficiency mimics iron deficiency anaemia and causes neurological symptoms.
💡 Absorption Tip: High-dose zinc supplements can block copper absorption in the intestines.
ManganeseEssential Trace Mineral
Cofactor for superoxide dismutase (SOD) and enzymes in amino acid, cholesterol, and carbohydrate metabolism.
Affordable Indian Foods:Whole Grains, Nuts, Legumes, Tea Leaves
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Rare in humans consuming whole grains and pulses.
💡 Absorption Tip: Easily met by unrefined whole grains and daily dal.
ChromiumTrace Mineral
Potentiates insulin action and supports normal glucose and lipid metabolism.
Affordable Indian Foods:Whole Grains, Green Beans, Broccoli, Potatoes
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Requirements are minute; exact clinical deficiency criteria continue to be researched.
💡 Absorption Tip: Present naturally in whole, unrefined cereals and fresh vegetables.
Dietary Protein & Essential Amino AcidsMacronutrient Essential
Provides the 9 essential amino acids needed to build and repair muscles, organs, skin, enzymes, and antibodies.
Affordable Indian Foods:Soy Chunks, Moong Dal, Roasted Chana, Curd, Sattu, Eggs
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Widespread in grain-heavy diets; pair cereals with pulses (3:1 ratio) to achieve a complete amino acid profile.
💡 Absorption Tip: Combine grains and lentils (like dal-chawal or khichdi) to ensure lysine and methionine complement each other.
Plant Omega-3 (ALA) & Essential FatsEssential Fatty Acid
Supports cell membrane fluidity, modulates cardiovascular inflammation, and supports arterial health.
Affordable Indian Foods:Ground Flaxseed (Alsi), Walnuts (Akhrot), Mustard Oil (Kachi Ghani)
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Plant ALA does not equal marine EPA/DHA; human conversion is under 5%, but ALA itself has independent benefits.
💡 Absorption Tip: Always grind flaxseeds before eating; whole seeds pass through the digestive system undigested.
Dietary Fibre (Soluble & Insoluble)Digestive Essential
Ferments into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon, buffers blood sugar spikes, and eases bowel motility.
Affordable Indian Foods:Millets (Ragi, Jowar, Bajra), Roasted Chana, Guava, Papaya, Oats
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Highly processed snacks strip fibre, leading to constipation, blood sugar spikes, and elevated cholesterol.
💡 Absorption Tip: Gradually increase whole grains and always drink plenty of water to prevent digestive cramping.
Water & Cellular HydrationVital Fluid Medium
Carries nutrients, regulates body temperature, lubricates joints, and flushes metabolic waste via the kidneys.
Affordable Indian Foods:Plain Filtered Water, Spiced Chaas, Fresh Coconut Water, Clear Vegetable Broths
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Mild dehydration causes fatigue, headaches, constipation, and false hunger sensations.
💡 Absorption Tip: Sip water steadily throughout the day; check urine colour (pale straw yellow indicates good hydration).
CholineEssential Micronutrient
Synthesizes acetylcholine for memory and muscle control, and produces phospholipids for cell membranes.
Affordable Indian Foods:Eggs, Soybeans & Soy Chunks, Peanuts, Cauliflower, Lentils
Deficiency / Gap Risk:Deficiency contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and memory difficulties.
💡 Absorption Tip: Eggs and soybeans are the most concentrated sources for vegetarians and non-vegetarians alike.